
Posters, in the form of placards and posted bills, have been used since earliest times, primarily for advertising and announcements, textual posters, posters, printing techniques, production and printing, including notably the technique lithography. The invention of lithography was soon followed by chromolithography, which allowed for mass editions of posters illustrated in vibrant colors to be printed.

E-mail marketing is a form of direct marketing which uses electronic mail as a means of communicating commercial or fundraising messages to an audience. In its broadest sense, every e-mail sent to a potential or current customer could be considered e-mail marketing. However, the term is usually used to refer to:
Researchers estimate that United States firms alone spent US$400 million on e-mail marketing in 2006.[